Propellers and Propeller Systems for Propulsion Investigation

Question: Talk about thePropellers and Propeller Systems for Propulsion Investigation. Answer: Airplane mishaps could happen because of various reasons and propeller harm is perhaps the best marker of airplane mishaps. While checking for propeller harms time for update, fix records and activity times are looked at whether the fixes are conveyed according to the standards and guidelines as inappropriate fixes can prompt disappointments brought about by surface discontinuities ( Anderson, 2009). Sporadic welding and fixing exercises can prompt propeller disappointment yet physical harm to the propeller physical harms are the most dangerous. Harms brought about by water effect and ground sway are altogether researched if there should be an occurrence of propeller harm. Ground sway harm could be dictated by assessing the bowing of the sharp edge, slice marks brought about by ground, breakage, tip twist, range savvy and harmony astute scratches. Tip twist shows that the motor was pivoting and the force created by the motor is shown by the measure of tip twist (Anderson, 2009). In the event that the propeller tips are twisted in reverse, at that point it recommends that the propeller was pivoting with low RPM comparative with forward speed and if the propeller was turning with high RPM as for the speed of the airplane, at that point the tip twists the forward way. Bowing is caused because of crash effect and its bearing will be inverse to that of the course of pivot is the propeller is fueled. Low airplane speed and high force twists the propeller the forward way. However, on the off chance that the airplane makes an effect at right edges to the ground the propeller twists the regressive way. Vibration, lopsidedness and ill-advised upkeep additionally twists the propeller cutting edges (Kroes and Wild, 2010). Misalignments in the driving rod and orientation are acceptable pointers of bowing since issues in the propeller are transmitted to the driving rod and direction. On the off chance that the motor isn't turning, at that point it could break the propeller edge, scratches along propeller cutting edge face is because of propeller pivot. Harmony savvy scratches are caused when the propeller turns at the hour of effect, however this sign redundant demonstrate that the motor was running it can likewise be caused because of wind-processing (Kroes and Wild, 2010). Pivot of the propeller can cause slice blemishes on the ground which could be utilized to gauge the RPM of the propeller. A portion of the great practices which could forestall charge harms are to routinely check all the boundaries like temperature everything being equal and shaft direction, keep up oil level in the tank consistently, keep up the weight, perform ordinary checks close to the stem and perform over the edge checks, normally check for spillages, standard water powered oil investigation ought to be completed, consistently turn over the motor at zero pitch edge and consistently run the motor at steady speed (Anderson, 2015). Propeller establishment is an exceptionally mind boggling and costly methodology which must be done under outrageous consideration and harms because of inappropriate establishment ought to be evaded with the most noteworthy need in order to control propeller harms. Keeping standard practices and guidelines combined with a successful upkeep routine could diminish propeller harms to a huge degree. References Anderson, C.L. (2015). The Effects of Aircraft Certification Rules on General Aviation Accidents. Diary of Aviation Technology and Engineering 4(3), 32-48. Anderson, K. (2009). Impetus Plant Accident Investigation. Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. Kroes, M.J. what's more, Wild, T.W. (2010). Airplane Powerplants (Aviation Technology Series). New Delhi, new Delhi: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

John Locke On The Extent Of The Legislative Power Essays

John Locke On The Extent Of The Legislative Power Locke on Politics, Religion, and Education-chap. 1 JOHN LOCKE ON THE EXTENT OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER It is anything but difficult to see where the way of thinking behind our countrys arrangement of government was gotten from when you read any of Lockes expositions on common government. Truth be told on the off chance that you have perused our own Declaration of Independence it is conceivable to perceive the likeness among it and Locks works. Much of the time it nearly appears just as we took from him in exactly the same words the entries written in our countries most cherished records: We hold these realities to act naturally clear, that all men are made equivalent, that they are enriched by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the quest for Happiness.- - That to make sure about these rights, Governments are initiated among Men, getting their fair powers from the assent of the represented. (Source: http://www.bookstore-cool.com/A_Declaration.html) In reality, John Lockes theory greatly affected the early arrangement of our country; it fills in as a premise on which we have assembled this extraordinary country that we live in today. By taking a gander at Lockes reasoning on the degree of some random councils power it is intriguing to contrast his thoughts with our real practices. Quite a while in the past man lived in what Locke called a province of Nature before going into, or framing, a general public. In this State of Nature men where normally free, equivalent, and autonomous. Nobody could be exposed to a political force without his/her assent. Social orders or networks are shaped when men/ladies meet up and consent to join or join so as to promote their inclinations just as the community's. At the point when people join a network and consent to shape a council they surrender their individual capacity to the network. Locke accepts that the force given to the official or get together can be close to the measure of intensity controlled by the distinctive individuals in their earlier province of Nature. For no one can move to another more force than he has in himself, and no one has a flat out discretionary control over himself, or over some other, to annihilate his own life, or remove the life or property of another. (Locke). Consequently despite the fact th at the governing body might be the incomparable influence in each federation, it isn't, nor can be, totally discretionary over the lives and fortunes of the individuals. (Locke). Locke accepts the force that is given to a lawmaking body is constrained to the open great of the general public, and that force is utilized uniquely to protect what is useful for the general public. In this way the force we provide for our governing bodies ought to never be utilized to decimate, subjugate, or ruin us it should just be utilized to encourage the interests of all of us and to save those interests. Here Locke calls attention to that, the commitments of the law of Nature stop not in society..Thus the law of Nature remains as an unceasing standard to all men, officials just as others. The principles that they make for different mens activities must, just as their own and different mens activities, be comparable to the law of Nature-for example to the desire of God, of which that is a statement, and the crucial law of nature being the protection of humankind, no human approvals can be acceptable or legitimate against it. (Locke). It is not necessarily the case that we ough t to administer ourselves carefully by Gods will. Despite what might be expected, we should compose laws, approve judges, and decide people rights. The law of Nature is unwritten and exists just in our psyches; it is stupid to imagine that one's translation won't be questioned by another. Without composed laws administering us our capacity to pick up harmony, ensure our property, and our own security would be as unsure as it was in the province of Nature. The United States arrangement of government depends on exactly the same thinking; at any rate it was set out that route to start with. We give our capacity to authorities, chose by us, with the expectation that they will speak to our inclinations. Our administration doesn't have the ability to oppress, pulverize, or deliberately devastate us or take

Globalization in the 1970s Essay Example for Free

Globalization during the 1970s Essay Globalization is anything but another idea as there have been various patterns of globalization extending as far back as the old human advancements. The rush of globalization before the oil ban was after the Second World War. In spite of the fact that this period was set apart with fast monetary development, it reached a conclusion in 1973 after the Arab oil ban that brought about an ascent in oil costs. Money related globalization especially can be named as the coordination of country’s neighborhood monetary framework with universal budgetary organizations and markets. The primary operators of money related globalization are the administrations and henceforth they have to change any limitations on their household budgetary part and capital record of the parity of installments if any type of mix is to happen (Schmulker, 2004:5). Dammasch (2010: 4) declares that the monetary condition in the midst of globalization changes quickly with capital developments expanding and less controllable. Accordingly there is generally a need to make a balancing out framework. The circumstance after the Second World War which was set apart by falling credit organizations, mass joblessness, hyperinflation and chapter 11 of ventures achieved such a need. The Bretton Wood framework along these lines came into creation. Bretton Woods’s understanding of 1944 was a piece of the choice by the industrialized nations to rebuild themselves after the Second World War and the challenges experienced particularly after the First World War with the end goal of budgetary globalization. There was an incredible requirement for these countries to think of functional principles and guidelines which would guide them in the detailing of national approaches that would encourage the quest for basic financial goals (Kenen, 1994:11). The need and earnestness of this lawful structure was all things considered settled upon and acknowledged as it was seen as a method of keeping away from the negative impacts that had defaced the between war period (King, 2003:30). The Bretton woods years that spread over from 1946-1971 are found by and large as a brilliant period of free enterprise with conversion scale security and fast financial development (King, 2003:30). This is on the grounds that the framework guaranteed that estimation of cost increments was simply and that the trade rates stayed fixed for boundless periods in all key industrialized nations. Besides, the national salary in the G7 nations rose more quickly than in some other tantamount period. The framework guaranteed since quite a while ago run value dependability for the entire world on the grounds that the fixed cost of gold gave an apparent stay to the world’s cash flexibly. In this manner by pegging their monetary standards to gold, singular countries fixed their costs levels to that of the world (Bordor et al, 1993:1). Lord, 2003:30 accentuates that the Bretton Woods framework had two fundamental qualities which were: the presence of a lot of decides that comprised of fixed paces of trade, capital controls and autonomous strategies of household macroeconomics on one hand and US mastery then again. Capital control as was specified in the Bretton Woods framework was authoritatively approved and each administration was exceptionally energized and had the privilege and commitment to control its development of capital. Capital control is the capacity of the legislature to control the in and out progression of funding to and from their nation. This implied bank markdown rates were redundant when the national bank needed to draw in capital inflows or maintain a strategic distance from trip of capital. As an outcome, the bank rate is kept up as low as could reasonably be expected (King, 2003:31). Be that as it may, a country’s residential economy can be antagonistically influenced through expansion by in and out fast progression of capital together with fixed paces of trade. Capital controls basically forestall fast surge of capital and can furnish governments with the ‘tools’ to forestall monetary emergency later on. In this framework capital control assumed a noteworthy job whereby it adequately managed the fixed conversion scale framework that had been settled upon by individuals during the Bretton Woods understanding. At whatever point trade rates required changes capital control was a basic part of the modification system. These controls were crucial to the reproduction and development of the universal exchanging framework that had been crushed by worldwide gloom, the two universal wars and hyperinflation. This implied capital stream was profoundly confined with nations disallowing convertibility. In capital control, cash non-convertibility was the most prohibitive type of control. The legislature was the just one allowed to have the restrictive power to hold remote cash and to likewise to give it out to shippers that had been endorsed by the administration. Nations that fixed their trade rates at levels that were unsuitable could along these lines be observed through this framework (Eicher et al, 2009:470). Kitschel (1999, p. 38) further elucidates that the capital controls were seen as instruments of swapping scale adjustment and furthermore as methods for making sure about full business and other national financial needs. Moreover the framework overlooked the controls not just for momentary administration of parity of â€payment emergencies yet in addition with the end goal of household financial administration. The constrained capital-account convertibility was the most widely recognized type of limitation. It empowered the framework as far as possible and realize who had the privilege and availability to remote trade rates. Additionally, subjective limitations were likewise set up which asked for the constraints on the outside resource and obligation position of household monetary foundations. The controls were additionally put on outside banks residential activities just as on inhabitant firms’ and on individuals’ direct investment funds, assortment of remote belongings and land property. Double or numerous swapping scale framework was another type of capital control that included discrete rates for either business or money related exchanges (Kitschel, 1999:39). Consequently the framework permitted individuals to control global capital developments as long as they didn't limit installment for current outside exchanges. In spite of the fact that monetary forms would be openly convertible into each other after an exchange period, individuals were permitted to put capital controls on money exchanges if such capital streams took steps to overpower the nation’s balance on installment or swapping scale strength (McNamara, 2003:75). Powers testing the framework Although the Bretton Woods framework was essential to the financial success after the Second World War, it by and by neglected to help the similarly fast development in the propelled nations throughout the following 25 years. One reason as indicated by Kenen (1994, p. 7) is the way that the lastingness and pliability of the framework was gradually being destabilized by the after war framework. There were two imperative jobs of the Bretton Woods framework. The main objective was outfitted towards creating trade rates that were steady using capital control and the subsequent objective was intended to shield part countries from the moving requests achieved by the progression of gold. In any case, these objectives profoundly repudiated each other on the grounds that the framework couldn't ensure that worldwide costs would stay steady as it did not have a viable method. Moreover, the authors of the Bretton Woods framework unequivocally structured the framework with an end goal to unravel worldwide fiscal relations from power legislative issues. In any case after war financial relations were profoundly politicized and required consistent political mediations to keep the framework working easily. Another blemish of the Bretton Woods configuration was that it came up short on a viable, programmed instrument to modify and settle installment awkward nature that definitely emerged among excess and shortfall nations. Under this framework, a nation that had an installment shortage most presumably lost its gold which diminished the residential money related base and brought about a decrease in the currency’s buying influence. Unavoidably, the country’s imports would fall, fares would rise and the installment would in the end balance. In any case, the loss of gold and the lessening in cash gracefully additionally implied that there would be a fall in the aggregate residential interest, which implied collapse or even the chance of misery. These auxiliary issues guaranteed that interminable parity of installments would mushroom into full-scale political issues, both locally and between countries (Gavin,:6). Initially, the Bretton Woods framework was intended to deliver stable trade rates while simultaneously protecting national economies from interest shifts created by the progression of gold (Gavin,:6). The authors needed to set fiscal game plans that could consolidate the benefit of exemplary best quality level I. e. the swapping scale steadiness with the upside of gliding rates I. e. the freedom to seek after national full work arrangements. They predominantly looked to maintain a strategic distance from the imperfections of skimming rates (destabilizing hypothesis and serious homeless person than-thou-neighour approaches). The burden of fixed rates is that singular countries were presented to both money related and genuine stuns transmitted from the remainder of the world through the parity of installment and different channels of transmission. The regular world value level under the best quality level showed mainstream times of emptying and expansion which reflected stuns to the interest for and flexibly of gold (Bordo et al, 1993:1). Nations like Germany and Japan were hesitant to import outside expansion and this could have ascribed to the inevitable breakdown of the framework. Over the long haul this broke the believability of the fixed conversion scale duty among nations and the ability of the national bank of a few nations to collaborate so as to keep up the fixed equalities. As it were the framework fizzled in light of the fact that the responsibility by the US of fixed equivalent

The World-Views of the Iliad and the Odyssey - Literature Essay Samples

The respective endings of Homers Iliad and Odyssey prove the different world-view that each epic takes. While both concern the era of the Trojan War, the characters in each seem to value two opposing outlooks. A close reading of the concluding passages regarding the heroes and their wives in each epic demonstrates the outstanding values of their respective worlds. Though both concern an acquisition of honor and glory, the different mediums used to achieve those goals result in antithetic conclusions. Your father, remember, was no man of mercynot in the horror of battle, and that is whythe whole city of Troy mourns you now, my Hector-youve brought your parents accursed tears of griefbut to me most of all youve left the horror, the heartbreak!For you never died in bed and stretched out your arms to meOr said some last word from the heart I can remember,Always, weeping for you through all my nights and days!Iliad, Book XXIV, ll.870-877Rage Goddess(Ibid., Book I, l.1), Homers invocation of The Muse to begin the Iliad, introduces the reader to the world-view he will present throughout the entire epic. The reader is automatically treated to the knowledge that Peleus son Achilles(Ibid.) is doomed for tragedy. By the end of the first stanza the destruction of the city is evident. Homer glorifies the savagery of war, through the ethos of honor and glory, supposedly acquired through death. The world presented in the Iliad is one founded upon destruction and ruin through the power of honor and glory, which is characterized by chaos and disorder in both the upper and lower worlds. The enticing aroma of this heroism beckons both the Greek heroes and the Trojan warriors, to such an extent that they abandon all other concerns, including the world of the feminine domesticity that stands opposed to the world of masculine war. Achilles knows that two fates bear [him] on the day of death.(Ibid. Book IX. L. 500) He could either die in Troy, but a glorious death, or live, but with out the glory. He chooses the first. Hector, the foreman of the Trojan army, is demonstrated throughout the epic as a hero helmed in bronze(Ibid. l. 336), the bravest fighter they could field. (Ibid. l. 414). Even though he knows the Trojans are likely to lose the war, helmet flashing(Ibid. l. 387) he asserts that he would die of shame to face the [people] of Troyif [he] would shrink from battle.(Ibid, ll. 388-390)1. He is constantly identified through his helmet and clothes of battle, yet when he arrives home, his son is terrified by the shining(Ibid. l.422) helmet. In his fear, the boy recoils from the world of his father, of masculinity and violence, to his nurses full breast(Ibid. l. 423), the world of femininity and nurture. Once Hector removes his helmet, the boy accepts his fathers kiss and Hector is once again invited to the realm of the family. He blesses him that one day he will come home from battle bearing the bloody gear of the mortal enemy he has killed in war a jo y to his mothers heart.[sic](Ibid. ll. 438-440). He is aware of the tragedy that will soon come, but he is entrenched in the warrior world. He leaves them, with his wife smiling through her tears(Ibid. l. 443), the heroic ideal surpassing the value of domesticity. They cannot coexist, and their culture is to accept their fate and live the life of the former. This is a dichotomous world of war2 and home, but the two worlds are incompatible. The domestic world will invariably lose to the world of war. Andromache, Hectors wife, has internalized that message when she mourns her husband as he turns his back to go to war, because she knows what the future holds. When he dies, she feels the supreme horror, the heartbreak!(ibid, Book XXIV, l. 874) To him, and the other warriors like him3, women are secondary, as is the world of domesticity that they represent. The ethos of man, independence and glory, negate the domesticity of women and a peaceful world. Homer departs Troy through the e yes of Andromache, fantasizing the unfulfilled dream of dying in the arms of a loved one. The Iliad ends with a weeping widow and a destroyed hope of domesticity.Though it is unclear which was written first, the Iliad or the Odyssey, the Odyssey chronologically comes later, after the Trojan War is over. The brave Odysseus has spent ten years wandering, before he returns home to his wife, Penelope.Now from his breast into his eyes the acheof longing mounted and we wept at last,his dear wife, clear and faithful in his arms,longed foras the sunwarmed earth is longed for by the swimmerspent in rough water where his ship went downunder Poseidons blows, gale winds and tons of sea.Few men can keep alive through a big surfTo crawl, clotted with brine, on kindly beachesIn joy, in joy, knowing the abyss behind:And so she too rejoiced, her gaze upon her husband,Her white arms round him pressed as though forever.Odyssey, Book XXIII, ll. 233-244In many ways, the homecoming of Odysseus emphasizes the antithetical world-view of the Odyssey to the Iliad. This time, the invocation of The Muse speaks about a man skilled in all ways of contending [who] in his deep heartfought only to save his life, to bring his ship mates homeyet all the gods had pitied Lord Odysseustill he came ashore at last on his own land. (Ibid. Book I, ll. 2-32). From the very start, the reader is told that not only will Odysseus be successful in his journey, but that his return to his home in Ithaca is his primary concern. He is treated to many adventures during his long ten year journey, and many times, his fidelity is questioned, yet never does he lose the hope that he will go home and be with his wife again. When he is first introduced, it is in the company of the beautiful sea nymph Kalypso, who is holding him hostage in her sea- hollowed caves. He denies her advances. She points out that as a goddess she is more beautiful, interesting and desirable than any mortal, to which he tells her that his q uiet Penelopewould seem a shade before [her] majesty (Ibid. Book Vll. 225-226). Nevertheless, preferable to him against all the grandiosity of Kalypso is his quiet, modest wife. Odysseus is compared to a swimmer (Ibid. Book XXIII ll.237), because he has been lost for many years, many times gasping for air in order to maintain his identity, and all to return to his wife. Kalypso, which means to hide or cover in Greek, had attempted to prevent his return, but he crawl[ed], clotted in brineon kindly beachesknowing the abyss behind. (Ibid ll. 240-242). The vehicle of the swimmer desperately reaching his goal emphasizes the tenor in this metaphor; Odysseus overcame the trials and tribulations with which he was faced to reclaim that which was important to him. In Ithaca he is the great king Odysseus, and he wants nothing to hinder his reclamation of that title. Throughout his trials, he must overcome the adversity that comes his way, and he survives for the moment he can come home, to hi s wife. Penelope, the sunwarmed earth (Ibid. l.237), sits at home, courted by many suitors, but rather than succumb to them, every day she sews a burial shroud, and every night she undoes it, promising that at its completion she will pick a new husband. She remains faithful, endlessly pining for her missing husband. When he returns, to test if he really is her husband, Penelope asks the nurse to remove their wedding bed, which inflicts rage in Odysseus. That is our pact and pledge, our secret sign, built into that bed. (Ibid. Book XXIII ll. 192-193). The wedding bed is the vehicle that carries the tenor in the metaphor of their unmovable love. Their bed is built on an olive tree trunk, that cannot be moved. No matter what, both remained faithful in their trial of years. She promises him that no other man has ever laid eyes on it. (Ibid. l. 229) Central to the epic is the characters belief in the various gods. Odysseuss survival of the suffering he must endure, and triumphant return to Ithaca, magnifies the glory of the gods. He constantly attributes the gods and glorifies their names. He comes home, but does not tell anyone that he is Odysseus. Those who didnt truly believe he would return were those with little faith in the gods. Before killing them, he tells the suitors that contempt was all [they] had for the gods who rule high heaven. (Ibid. Book XXII l. 38). Telemakhos, who perhaps had not had complete faith before, and had to be encouraged by Athena, only gets power and strength upon evidencing his faith in the gods. Those who do believe in Odysseuss return, such as the swineherd and cowherd, did pray, to Zeus to grant [their] old wish (Ibid. Book XXI, l. 207), and Odysseus assured them that their faith, though alone among [his] people (Ibid. l. 215), was appropriate. The very name Odysseus denotes suffering or to inflict suffering. He knows he will be subject to adversity, but his identity is tied to the suffering. The most dangerous thing in all of Od ysseuss trials is that he will lose his identity. When Odysseus comes home, the gods brought him. In his return, he regains his identity, and acquires glory not only for himself, but for the gods as well m. He constantly praises the gods for his homecoming. To glory over slain men is no piety. Destiny and the gods will vanquished these, and their own hardness.(Ibid. Book XXII ll. 43- 433).In a sense, the Odyssey begins where the Iliad ends. The Iliad shows the destruction of domesticity, and the Odyssey shows its consequences, as the war drove Odysseus far away from his home and family. In the Iliad, Thetis requests an armor be made for Achilles in his final battle with Hector. It is designed with the images of two cities: one of war and one of peace. Perhaps each epic takes on the persona of each of those cities. While Achilles had stood for the ideal and abstract, with little faith in the gods abilities, and much faith in his own, he had not survived. Odysseus believed in the god s, and his return home proves that he had no reason to go searching anywhere else to find the ideal because it was all right where he left it. He had always had the ideal, he had just never realized it. When he came back, it was not the same Ithaca as when he left, because he was not the same Odysseus. He was able to understand the importance of the domesticity because while he had longed for it, he had almost lost it. The Odyssey overtly amends the priorities emphasized in the Iliad, as Odysseus journeys to the underworld ( The Odyssey, Book XI). It is there where he meets Achilles who has become king of the netherworld. Achilles is unhappy though, because he is now aware that it would be better to be alive in the real world than even king of the underworld. Achilles himself, the epitome of he who chased honor and glory in his time, seems to be the one who modifies their definitions. Both Hector and Odysseus had left their wives and baby boys to go fight in the war. In Hectors wor ld, the ethos of honor and glory by way of war had won, and he had died, leaving his wife to cry at their tortured separation, always, weeping.through nights and days!(Iliad, Book XXIV l. 877). For Odysseus, honor and glory had won as well, but through a very different medium. He too, hungered for honor and glory. He had always retold the stories of his triumph, from the scar that became his as a child in conflict with a wild boar, to outsmarting the Kyklops, the sea god Poseidons one-eyed giant of a son. That was his identity. Yet, his belief in the gods, and the need for the domesticity he had sacrificed during his absence, brought him home to his wife. Unlike Andromoche, Penelope had no reason to cry. She was reunited with Odysseus, and she rejoiced, her gaze upon her husband, her white arms round him pressed him as though forever. (Odyssey, Book XXIII ll. 243-244)

Commercialization Sports Globalization - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2935 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Sports Essay Type Descriptive essay Tags: Globalization Essay Did you like this example? â€Å" Critically evaluate how globalizing and commercial forces have influenced sports generally and football especially. You should also include in your analysis the influence of globilization and commercialization on the management and governance of organizations in light of Stewart and Smith’s (1999) unique features of sport. You should discuss the implications of these changes on the management of sporting organizations. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Commercialization Sports Globalization" essay for you Create order You must be critical rather than descriptive in your analysis and refer to theory wherever possible† This paper seeks to present how commercialization and globalization have affected sports industry in our days and how sport managers have to respond to these two factors. Sports always were concerning human communities, and were at the centre of human activities. At the early 590 BC the Greek athletes were financially rewarded for an Olympic victory-winning (Harris, 1964). â€Å"Sports has not always had such an international flavour. Sports first spread across international borders through imperialistic efforts. As countries such as Great Britain colonised various areas throughout the world, sport was used to impose the conquerors culture on the colonised land† ( Masteralexis, Barr and Hums,1998, p.210). Nowdays sports attract the public interest and â€Å"Modern sports and modern mass media are both multibillion-dollar businesses. Elite sports cannot function as they do without the mass media to publicize and underwrite them. The huge market for sports equipment and team-related merchandise is to a large extent sustained by the medias 24-hour-a-day sports coverage, and the economic infrastructure of the mass media depends to a considerable extent on the capacity of sports to create large, loyal cohorts of readers, listeners, viewers, and interactive consumers† (https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-253580). Sport is a main interest in modern societies as more and more people participate like ever before. This massive growth of sport interest and activities has drove to main changes the major characteristics of sport. These changes that characterize sport are related to social changes as â€Å"among these changes some trends may be identified. First, sporting activities in western countries are characterized by a trend toward pluralisation i.e. by the increase in the number of sports that are practiced. At the same time sport activities know a process of diversification and differentiation: recreational, competitive and professional sports are becoming more and more separated. Second, sport activities are subject to a growing individualism. Sport is more and more seen as an option for an individual. The general ideology concerning sport has moved â€Å"from sport as a collective right to sport as an individual option† leading to the adoption of the principle of â€Å"let the user pay†. Individualism and pluralization may be seen as the cause of a trend toward the â€Å"marketization† (or commercialization ) of sport. In effect, sport is among the fastest growing leisure markets. All sorts of sport, and not only top sport are characterized by a growing involvement of money.† ( Enjolas, 2001). â€Å"Today, sport is big business and big businesses are heavily involved in sport. Athletes in the major spectator sports are marketable commodities, sports teams are traded on th e stock market, sponsorship rights at major events can cost millions of dollars, network television stations pay large fees to broadcast games, and the merchandising and licensing of sporting goods is a major multi- national business. These trends are not just restricted to professional athletes and events, many of them are equally applicable to the so-called amateur sports† (Slack, 1998). Here is a selection of some examples that certificate the above : â€Å"a report published by Deloitte Touche and Sport-Business Group has revealed that Manchester United heads football’s rich list with a turn over of 117m pounds. It is based upon turnover season 1999-2000. In the 2nd is Real Madrid with turnover of 103.7m. pounds.†, â€Å"Kellogg has signed its biggest ever UK sports sponsorship deal. It is linking its Nutri-Grain brand with Rugby League’s Challenge Cup. Kellogg will invest more than 1 million pounds into the sponsorship.† , â€Å"Musicians, sports stars and actors are rapidly overhauling established business tycoons as some America’s wealthiest young people.†, â€Å"Hays and Robertson is planning a two-way floating International Brands Licensing, the Admiral and Mountain Equipment brand business on Aim in June 2002, in an attempt to raise its market value to 11.5 m. pounds. Hays and Robertson will then join with Sky in a deal to sell England kits and other football kits later on in the year and focus on purchasing licenses for other brands for UK distribution.†(as cited in Beech and Chadwick, 2004, p. 8-9). Also as cited in McGaughey and Liesch (2002) ague that, â€Å"†¦ sport has gradually commercialized through the growth of spectatorship, with revenues being generated via gate-takings and activities such as on-course betting (Rowe, 1996). While the advent of ‘live’ broadcasting and the commentary of sports through radio and television initially resulted in declining revenue for sporting bodies, popular sports have increasingly entered more economically rewarding contracts with television interests, with ‘the negotiation of television contracts rapidly becoming the biggest issue in the game’†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p.384). According to Beech and Chadwick (2004), the development of a sport as a business is characterized by a sequence of phases. These phases are: the foundation of the sport, its codification, stratification, professionalisation, , post-professionalisation, commercialization and post-commercialization. The commercialization of a sport involves the development of an â€Å"overtly business context, external organizations see the opportunity of using the sport for their own purposes, typically marketing in the forms of sponsorship – involving governing bodies, leagues and clubs – and endorsement – involving players. If the sport organizations, leagues and clubs are inept in their management of the greatly incr eased financial revenues which become available, they will become available, they will come under pressure to the extent that some professional clubs in particular may be forced out of existence† (p.6). The commercialization in the English soccer began at the end of 1960, when Texaco (an oil company) and Watneys (a brewery) offered sponsorship to cups (Beech and Chadwick, 2004). â€Å" †¦by the end of the 1990s commercialization had become firmly embedded across the whole of the top leagues as well as the FA, with sponsorship of a range of events and facilities, including individual stadia, common practice. Clubs websites had become integrated with betting companies, mobile phone companies and other external organisations, typically offering directly soccer-related services. Weaker (in terms of financial success) clubs have faced major pressures such as being forced into administration.† (p.7). Some examples that present the commercialization in the 1990s are â €Å"†¦ between January 1993 and January 1997, shares in football sector rose 774per cent, outperforming stock market by a factor of 10.†( Marrow, 1999), â€Å"†¦18 month period between 1995 and 1996, shares in Manchester United and Tottenham rose 336 per cent and 368 per cent respectively.† (Marrow, 1999), â€Å"many individuals made slot of money from stock market floatation as Hall Family (Newcastle): 3m 1989-1992- sold a 41.6 per cent stake for 55m. pounds.† (Walters G, 2008, Lecture 1, Birkbeck notes). The commercialization of the sports has led to the commercial consumer income e.g. shirt sales, the commercial sponsorship income e.g. shirt sponsorship, the stadia development, the increasing of supporters-fans, matches are scheduled for tv audience, the merchandising have become more aggressive, expensive and targeted, the tickets price is higher (Walters G, 2008, Lecture 1, Birkbeck notes). Here are some comments about the commercialization in football: â€Å" One of the reasons the fanzines are not encouraged is because the clubs fear any threat, small or large, to their complete control of merchandising income. Clearly fans want to identify with their clubs and if control also means ensuring that certain basic standards of product and service are met then that’s not necessarily a bad thing†¦the trouble lies with the way that merchandising has taken over at the expense of developing almost any other form of identification with the club† (Perryman, 1997, p.6), â€Å"this should have been a golden age, a perfect time to be a football supporter. Heysel and Hillsborough were in the past. We had seen off the hooligans and nearly all the fences. Where we were once the enemy within, we were now the height of fashion†¦ tv programmes, plays and even opera took an interest†¦ football shirts were everywhere. There was a boom†¦ this should have been everything we ever wanted. Instead, just when it was, at last, all right to be a football fan, everything went sour†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ( Horton, 1997, exploitation 13-14). â€Å"Globalization can be described as a process by which the people of the world are unified into a single society. This process is a combination of economic, technological, sociocultural and political forces† (Wikipedia, 2008). â€Å"In sports, globalization does not mean promoting international games and joining test matches or international competitions. It is a temporary event with minimal lasting effects and therefore is just called internationalization. The globalization of sports intimidates sports organizations that hold the right of franchise in these countries. So, it is a big problem for the professional associations, like those in baseball and soccer in Japan and in Korea and basketball in the Philippines. Sports management is something that is not directly related to globalization.   But, today, due to the wide coverage of media and t he popularity of sports, globalization is an inevitable issue, even for the local sports organizations. The international sports enterprises are always looking for a chance to invade a new market, and in this sense, sports is very similar to agricultural and industrial products† (https://ccs.cla.kobe-u.ac.jp/staff/amano/WWW/amano.html, 2008). Also â€Å"the global development of sport has also accelerated from the 1980s. For example, one can find the flows from country to country of sports goods, equipment, and landscapes have grown such as the development of the media-sport production complex and projects images to global audiences.†(Lee and Lin, 2007, â€Å"the Sport Journal†). According to Masteralexis, Barr and Hums (1998), â€Å"Sport is subject to many of the same forces that are increasing the global distribution of consumer and entertainment products today† (p.209) as sports are affected by international influences as athletes play profession ally in foreign countries, people watch sport events from other countries and they consume products of foreign teams. The sports industry like the general business, have realized that they have to expand their boundaries in order to sell their products in the global marketplace, by creating â€Å"products that they have the same appeal and generate the same demand in all corners of the world† (p.212) considering the different cultures, laws, languages, customs, traditions. â€Å"Efforts in globalizing the sport product can be seen on two fronts: 1. corporations are attempting to utilize the sport theme and sport products to enter the international marketplace and 2. professional sport leagues are attempting to spread the popularity of their leagues and associated products (televised games, licensed sport products, etc. ) overseas† (p.213). As an example â€Å"†¦many sport leagues, particularly those in North America, have sought out global markets through e xpanding television broadcasting and licensing, and by developing new leagues to introduce their specific sports to new geographic areas (Rushin, 1993). The most obvious example of this is the World League of American Football (NFL Europe) which despite financial losses, is seen as a means to introduce the professional football product to Europe, and expand television interests (King, 1996). In this way, professional sport leagues seeks out new revenue opportunities in many different markets†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( Mason, 1999, p.406). Trenberh and Collins, 1994, suggested five â€Å"manifest market conditions† that affects the sports industry and the sports managers work: â€Å"1.a trend toward a increased professionalism in leisure and sports organizations 2. continued development of commercial forms of sport 3. maturation and normalization of career structures in leisure and sport 4. a mounting awareness of the need for fiscal accountability in the public and non-profit sec tors and 5. the targeting of management skills by government as a way of enhancing sport systems ‘effectiveness’† (p.276). According to Boucher(1998), â€Å"†¦there is n question that the field of Sports Management has grown and developed at a rapid race, particularly over the past decade. Concurrent with this growth have been advancements made by professional and academic associations, formed to further needs of a variety of individuals who are affiliated with Sports Management†. Sport managers have to be aware of the changes that impact their work environment and have to be capable of knowing the new technology, which affects the sports industry and have to understand that sport and sport management as a whole, is growing as a popularity worldwide and sport managers themselves should learn, understand and respect the â€Å"differences when dealing in the international sport marketplace† (Masteralexis, Barr and Hums, 1998, p. 36), â€Å" †¦ it is imperative that sport managers understand the issues surrounding the governance and management of international sport†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Masteralexis, Barr and Hums, 1998, p. 213). In order to manage the sport product, sport managers should always consider that: â€Å"1. the sport product is intangible and subjective making it difficult to ensure costumer satisfaction 2. the sport product is inconsistent and unpredictable 3. the sport product is a perishable commodity, developed in anticipation of demand and produced and consumed simultaneously 4. aspects of financing and budgeting for sports organizations differ from those of a typical business 5. for a manager there is a highly complex network of stakeholders ranging from government agencies to sponsors, volunteers and members 6. sport enterprises earn significant income from sources extraneous to the sale of the service(e.g. sponsorship and television rights) 7. managers of sport leagues must heighten competitio n to be successful, not eliminate it† (Trenberth, Collins, 1999, p.20). In addition the role of marketing is very important for a sport manager, in order to attract consumers, as marketing helps : 1. to guide a sporting organization in its selection of the â€Å"sport product† and its target costumers 2. to identify and monitor the activities of business competitors 3. to develop and implement promotional strategies 3. to develop and implement distribution strategies 4. to coordinate the research and information needed to carry out the marketing functions(above), audit their performance and help ensure their repeated success. (Trenberth, Collins, 1999, p.218). Sports managers need to understand also the strong need of : 1. financial management 2. share and stock market 3. mergers and acquisitions 4. sports law, commercial and international law 5. TV rights and EU law in European cases( Trenberth, Collins, 1999, p.279). Conclusion This paper has sought to highlight how commercialization and globalization has changed the worldwide picture of sports. As we can conclude a sport manager, in order to be competitive in the global marketplace and in order to be able to react to the changes of the international rules of commercialization have to be aware of the needs of the market and â€Å"consumers†-fans that address. According to Markle(1997), (as cited in Trenberth, Collins, 1999, p.281), â€Å"†¦sports managers need to understand the nature of the business and the disposition of the consumer through demographics, psychographics, socioeconomics, etc†¦sports managers need to built their business, the product and the perception of the product to be attractive and appealing †¦ to built relationships with sponsors, to learn their business needs and become an agency rather than a salesperson. They should under-promise and over-deliver†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Also we should always have in mind what Robert L. Boucher (1998, p.79) suggests : â€Å" call me naà ¯ve, but it is possible that today’s promoters of commercialism in sport have become intoxicated by sponsorship revenues? †¦is it right for a sport manager only to be conduit by which a sponsor can achieve greater market penetration? My contention is simply that in our quest for legitimation, we may have sold our souls to the interests of big business. It can be argued that much of what comprises the Sport Management domain is not related to business and producing entertainment for profit. In fact, a large percentage of sport enterprises in the global community are of an amateur nature where the motives of participants, spectators and administrators are of a more altruistic nature. Perhaps Chelladurai’s (1992) observation that there are really, in fact, two fields, that management of human services in sport and management of entertainment services through out sport, is entirely accurate. In any event, the need to return in a balance in orientation and to refocus has never been more pressing†. References Beech J. Chadwick S. (2004), â€Å"The Business of Sport Management†, Ashford Colour Press, Gosport Boucher R. (Journal of Sports Management,1998, 12,76-85), â€Å"Towards Achieving a Focal Point for Sport Management : A Binocular Perspecive†, Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc Encyclopedia of Britannica, on line, 2008. from https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-253580/sports Enjolras B, â€Å"Commercialization and the voluntary organization of sport:the Norwegian model under pressure?†, Paper prepared for the Seminar â€Å"idrett, samfunn og frivillig organisering†, NFR, 9-10/01/20011, from https://web.bi.no/forskning/isforg.nsf/62af2dc31b641632c12566f30039282c/6dd187f9b8d0a3c3c125696f003d6d3a/$FILE/Enjolras.PDF Harris, H.A. (1964). Greek athletes and athletics. London: Hutchinson. Lee and Lin, (2007). â€Å"The Global Flows of International Professional Baseball System†, from https://www.thesportjournal.org/2007Journal/Vol10-No4/07pi ng-chao.asp Mason D.(1999). â€Å"What is the sports product and who buys it? The marketing of professional sport leagues†. European Journal of Marketing, Vol.33, No.  ¾, 1999, pp. 402-418 Masteralexis L., Barr C., Hums M., (1998), â€Å"Principles And Practice of Sports Management†, United State of America :Aspen Publishers McGaughey S. and Liesch P. (2002). â€Å"The global sports-media nexus: reflexctions on the ‘super league saga’ in Australia†, Journal of Management Studies 39:3, may 2002. USA: Blackwell Publishers Professional Sports in Globalization: A Comparative Study of the Japanese Baseball and the Philippine Basketball†, from https://ccs.cla.kobe-u.ac.jp/staff/amano/WWW/amano.html Slack T., (1998). Studying the commercialization of sport: The need for critical analysis. From https://physed.otago.ac.nz/sosol/v1i1/v1i1a6.htm Trenberth L., Collins C. ( 1999), â€Å"Sport Business Management in New Zealand†, New Zealand: The Dunmore Press Walters G., (2008), from the lesson â€Å"The economics and governance of professional football†, Lecture 1 â€Å"the business of football: an historical perspective†, Birkbeck notes Wikipedia, 2008, from www.wikipedia.com

The Contemporary Foreign Policy Of The United States

The contemporary foreign policy of the United States represents an evolving continuum of principles, conceptions and strategies that in part, derived from the particularistic American Cold War experience. As such, United States foreign policy is neither a static entity, nor is its intentions or direction uncontested. This essay will examine the underlying issues of identity and how, beginning with the Truman Doctrine, a distinct articulation of the national interest was evinced that has defined America’s role in the world. In doing so, focus will be given to the development of alliance policy, containment and its effect on transforming the US posture in the post-Cold War international order. Firstly, it is pertinent to reconsider the traditional narratives that underpin American identity. Inherent in this is Manifest Destiny, which asserts that Anglo-Saxon American’s are God’s chosen people, with a superior culture and who are pre-ordained to spread civilisation to inferior peoples (Hollander 2009, 169). This tradition offers instructive themes for the formulation of American exceptionalism and its manifestation into a missionary foreign policy (Hoffmann 1968, 369). It also raises to the forefront the Manichean character of American policy, its solipsism and tendency to justify geopolitical objectives in moralistic terms (Lepgold 1995, 372). Thus, US foreign policy is a discourse for reproducing American identity, containing threats to its core principles and legitimatingShow MoreRelatedForeign Policy : Trade With Foreign Nations854 Words   |  4 PagesForeign Policy – Trade with Foreign Nations The policy issue I have chosen is trade with foreign nations. The approach that the United States government has adopted to address foreign trade is varied depending on the nation in question. For some nations, the United States has what is called a Free Trade Agreement which is an â€Å"arrangement among two or more countries under which they agree to eliminate tariffs and nontariff barriers on trade in goods among themselves† (Cooper, Free Trade Agreements:Read MoreThe Middle East, And America s Imperial Ambitions1177 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica’s imperial ambitions? My argument is that neo-colonial relations - between the United States and the Arab world – is responsible for the radicalization of terrorist, particularly ISIS. Considering America’s involvement in the construction of the modern Middle East, and its continued involvement in the region. This research question is significant because it interlinks post-colonial studies with contemporary security studies. This link is important because modern terrorism and the instabilityRead MoreThe Limitations Of Contemporary Currency Hegemony And The Transition1314 Words   |  6 PagesChapter 4 – The Limitations of Contemporary Currency Hegemony and the Transition to Multipolarity The prevailing presumption amongst currency scholars of the past century is that issuing a currency that dominates global markets and trading is of overwhelming benefit, largely interpreted via the gains made by the US as the issuer of the dollar. These benefits have been both political and economic in nature, as discussed in the previous chapter. However, both domestic and external factors have begunRead MoreWashington s Farewell Address Analysis1375 Words   |  6 Pagesin 1783 when peace came, he resided over the Philadelphia convention, and was then unanimously elected as the first president of the United States. What is Washington’s â€Å"Farewell Address†? Washington’s â€Å"Farewell Address† was written in September of 1796. This was George Washington’s Address of retirement to privacy from two terms acting president of the United States. â€Å"In his last major address, President Washington offered an emphatic warning against tinkering with the Constitution in a way thatRead MoreThe Monroe Doctrine And The Modern Framework For American Domestic Affairs950 Words   |  4 Pagesframework for American domestic affairs. Monroe’s proposed domestic policy was the President’s way of attempting to secure The United States’ newly acquired land. Not even a decade after the War of 1812 was resolved, many Americans were concerned when it came to United States’ involvement in foreign wars. This unsettlement in America was largely due to a controlling and tyrannical British rule that continuously restricted the United States until the tr eaty of Ghent was signed in 1814. Despite this uneasinessRead MoreU.s. Vietnam War On American Culture, Politics, And Foreign Policy1060 Words   |  5 Pagesconflicts in U.S. history, the Vietnam War has left a deep and lasting impact on American culture, politics, and foreign policy. From 1964 to the present day, the Vietnam War redefined the scope of U.S. influence both at home and abroad, and caused a fundamental shift in American society that dramatically changed the way in which Americans viewed their government and the role of the United States as a world power. For an entire generation of Americans, who watched as the horrors of the war in Vietnam unfoldRead MoreForeign Policy : A Central Concern For The Average American1533 Words   |  7 PagesPaper #1†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨ Foreign policy has recently lost its place as a central concern for the average American. With our representatives more focused on domestic issues, such as the economy, most overlook or simply ignore whatâ₠¬â„¢s going on overseas. As a result, our leaders fail to address these issues and even those running for president resist defining their stance on foreign policy in a concrete fashion because they know most Americans are not paying attention. I will argue that foreign policy should playRead MoreEssay about How Does Nationalism Shape Chinas International Relations?901 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Nationalism cannot only aggravate ethnic relations within the state, but it can also spill over borders and increase the likelihood of international conflict† (Downs and Saunders, 1998/99:115). Introduction Nationalism has become a major part of the Chinese Communist Party’s agenda to success and continued rule as it struggles to keep its legitimacy in China. Nationalism to an extent also shapes China’s international relations. This essay will first define what nationalism means for China byRead MoreThe 1940’s as The Most Influencing Decade in the United States1237 Words   |  5 PagesFor many years there has been a discussion about the best decade and the best era in the United States of America. People are convincing each other that twenties were the Golden Age or 1990’s were the most influencing but there is no clear and nationwide agreement in that case. In fact, according to different authors and publishers there was no year that actually resolved all problems in the United States. From some people’s point of view, however, it is not a matter of which decade end all problemsRead MoreThe Tragedy Of The Iranian Hostage Crisis1147 Words   |  5 Pagesback by the tragedy for numerous reasons, many of which stem from the immediate reaction of combined shock and frustration towards the United States Government and President Carter, a lack of knowledge of the ongoing strained relationship between the two countries, and finally, the surprising tension and ineffectiveness of the Carter Administration’s foreign policy. In the months leading up to the hostage crisis, the morale and patriotism expressed by the American people was gloom and not promising

Angry Men free essay sample

The character in this movie that was the most effective critical thinker was juror 8(Henry Fonda). The types of characteristics that Fonda, exemplify is provisionalism, creativity, and critical thinking. By doing this he is uncover new ways of interpreting evidence, turns to certainty and shortsightedness when arriving at conclusions. For example, Fonda commented on how the boy had been slapped around all his life and was treated poorly. This kind of thinking leads to more external attributions—it was the way the boy was treated in life, not something inherent about the boy or his character. Next Fonda asks the jurors to consider the larger picture: the defendants background, the witnesses credibility, and the defending attorneys motives. He then shakes up the room by presenting a knife identical to the murder weapona weapon that the jurors were certain was unique. At this point, he has them wavering about reasonable doubt. Fonda was clearly self-confident. He had complete conviction in what he was doing and saying which instilled confidence in other members of the jury who were leaning in that direction a guilty verdict. The character that is the least effective critical thinker is juror 3 (Lee J. Cobb). Cobb made more internal attributions for the boy’s behavior. He agreed with the slum kid idea, but also focused on the notion that kids today don’t have any respect or sense of morality. He is basing this decision on his own life situation because of his poor relationship with his son. Cobb categorizes the defendant as a rebellious kid and wants to persecute him. Another example is when Henry Fonda insulted Lee Cobb by calling him a sadist and that due to his own beliefs. Cobb got mad and said: â€Å"I’m gonna kill ya. † Thus, when Cobb said it, it was just the situation that provoked this expression, but when the boy said it, it was an indication of his murderous rage. So this is an example of Cobb is view as bias. The other jurors are shocked that he seems to have forgotten the sure and certain facts of the case that prove the defendants guilt. Now these are facts, you cant refute facts as stated by Cobb. The barriers that prevented three other jurors were racist, baseball fan, advertisement. Ed Begley was racist this become a barrier when thinking ritically because he is so ingrained in the way of his life. He is not simply accepting information at face value in a non-critical or non-evaluating way. He feel that because the boy as a slum kid this is stereotypes which lead to a biased way of interpreting the evidence. He relayed the idea that there’s something about slum kids who belong to certain ethnic groups that makes them i nherently rotten. These are internal attributions which lead to more of a guilty verdict. Jack Ward barrier was that he wants to conform with the majority in order to quickly end the deliberations so he can attend a ballgame. He was selfish and inconsiderate that another person life was at stack. He also stated the he had enough of all the talking and wasn’t going to say nothing. But when was asked why he could not response why. Webber was continually strays off course with advertising stories and slogans. His job was getting in the way of his decision. Not staying focus on what is going on can lead to the wrong decision. Towards the middle of the movie Sweeny, Marshall, and Voskovec all become critical thinkers. Sweeny initially conformed in the public vote, but switched when it was private—suggesting that he went along with the crowd. But then later he remembers information that the eye witness stated. Sweeny did not accuse either of the eye witnesses of lying but question the information. He said that these people believed they saw the boy commit the crime. In other words, they somehow misremembered what they saw and heard. Thus, they probably witnessed an ambiguous event and filled in the missing information with details that were prescribed by their own stereotypes of slum kids. In addition, the police officers and lawyers who interviewed the witnesses may have planted false memories in them by asking leading questions. In either case, these people probably believed that they saw the boy at the scene of the crime—but this was probably due to the misinformation effect. With Marshall at first he refuses to budge until he is presented with sound reasons for changing his mind. He went by the boys alibi was that he was at the movies when the murder took place. Marshall said that because the boy couldn’t remember the names of the films and who played in them when he was interviewed by the police then he obviously was lying but he remembers that the boy was under conditions of high emotional stress. Thus Marshall failed to consider how the stress of the situation could have affected the boy—and just made an internal attribution that he is a liar. However, when Marshall was asked to remember the films he saw last weekend, he couldn’t fully remember them—even without emotional stress. Marshall also eventually changed his vote based on informational influence. He was convinced that the female eye witness had poor eyesight and therefore couldn’t make a positive identification. This was less of a superficial change. Voskovec became a critical thinker because throughout the trail he took down information that he felt was important. Then when it was time to deliberate him then took down more information that each juror had to say. By this his was gathering important information to base his decision on whether the boy is guilty or not. The four types of logical fallacies that are present in the jurors thinking process are flaws in thinking, illogical sequences of thought, stereotyping, obfuscation, and other typical critical thinking errors displayed in the movie as the characters move through the stages of critical thinking development. Fonda and Cobb revealed an emotional argument: The whole debate in which one character called the other a sadist. A scuffle occurred afterward. Ed Begley revealed unqualified generalization: he was a racist who hated slum-kid such as the defendant. He went on a rant in which he claimed not a one of them are any good. Sweeny showed false analogy: When he mentions how the one of the witnesses in the trial just made a up a story to get attention. The character said that he knew because he would have done the same thing, were he as lonely as the witness.